General Approach to Interventions

1. Dawson G, Osterling J . Early intervention in autism. Guralnick MJ (ed.). The Effectiveness of Early Intervention. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co, 1997, pp. 307-326.
2. Guralnick MJ. Effectiveness of early intervention for vulnerable children: A developmental perspective. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1998; 102: 319-345.

Behavioral and Educational Approaches

1. Bregman JD, Gerdtz J. Behavioral interventions. Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders, 2^nd edition. Cohen DJ, Volkmar FR (eds.). New York; John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997.
2. Foxx RM. Sapid effects awaiting independent replication. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1993; 97: 375-376.
3. Kazdin AE. Replication and extension of behavioral treatment of autistic disorder. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1993; 97: 377-380.
4. Matson JL, Benavidez CA, Compton LS, Paclawskyj T, Baglio C. Behavioral treatment of autistic persons: A review of research from 1980 to the present. Research in Developmental Disabilities 1996; 17: 433-465.
5. Shopler E, Short A, Mesibov. Relation of behavioral treatment to "normal functioning": Comment on Lovaas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989; 47: 162-164.

1. Birnbrauer JS, Leach DJ. The Murdoch Early Intervention Program after 2 years. Behaviour Change 1993; 10: 63-74.
2. Koegel RL, Bimbela A, Schreibman L. Collateral effects of parent training on family interactions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1996; 26: 347-359.
3. Layton TL. Language training with autistic children using four different modes of presentation. Journal of Communication Disorders 1988; 21: 333-350.
4. Lovaas OI. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987; 55: 3-9.
5. McEachin JJ, Smith T, Lovaas OI. Long-term outcome for children with autism who received early intensive behavioral treatment. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1993; 97: 359-372.
6. Ozonoff S, Cathcart K. Effectiveness of a home program intervention for young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1998; 28: 25-32.
7. Sheinkopf SJ, Siegel B. Home-based behavioral treatment of young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1998; 28: 15-23.
8. Smith T, Eikeseth S, Klevstrand M, Lovaas OI. Intensive behavioral treatment for preschoolers with severe mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorder. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1997; 102: 238-249.

1. Charlop MH, Schreibman L, Thibodeau MG. Increasing spontaneous verbal responding in autistic children using a time delay procedure. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1985; 18: 155-166.
2. Charlop MH, Burgio LD, Iwata BA, Ivancic MT. Stimulus variation as a means of enhancing punishment effects. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1988; 21: 89-95.
3. Coe D, Matson JL, Fee V, Manikam R, Linarello C, Training nonverbal and verbal play skills to mentally retarded and autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1990; 20: 177-187.
4. Davis CA, Brady MP, Hamilton R, McEvoy MA, Williams RE. Effects of high-probability requests on the social interactions of young children with severe disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1994; 27: 619-637.
5. Durand VM, Carr EG. An analysis of maintenance following functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1992; 25: 777-794.
6. Egel AL, Richman GS, Koegel RL. Normal peer models and autistic children's learning. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1981; 14: 3-12.
7. Fisher W, Piazza CC, Bowman L, Hagopian LP, Owens J, Slevin I. A comparison of two approaches for identifying reinforcers for persons with severe and profound disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1992; 25: 491-498.
8. Fisher WW, Piazza CC, Bowman L, Kurtz PF, Sherer M, Lachman S. A preliminary evaluation of empirically derived consequences for the treatment of pica. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1994; 27: 447-457.
9. Goldstein H, Wickstrom S. Peer intervention effects on communicative interaction among handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1986; 19: 209-214.
10. Laski KE, Charlop MH, Schreibman L. Training parents to use the natural language paradigm to increase their autistic children's speech. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1988; 21: 391-400.
11. Mason SA, McGee GG, Farmer DV, Risley TR. A practical strategy for ongoing reinforcer assessment. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1989; 22: 171-179.
12. Matson JL, Taras ME, Sevin JA, Love SR, Fridley D. Teaching self-help skills to autistic and mentally retarded children. Research in Developmental Disabilities 1990; 11: 361-378
13. McEvoy MA, Nordquist VM, Twardosz S, Heckaman KA, Wehby JH, Denny RK. Promoting autistic children's peer interaction in an integrated early childhood setting using affection activities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1988; 21: 193-200.
14. McGee GG, Almeida MC, Sulzer AB, Feldman RS. Promoting reciprocal interactions via peer incidental teaching. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1992; 25: 117-126.
15. Odom SL, Strain PS. A comparison of peer-initiation and teacher-antecedent interventions for promoting reciprocal social interaction of autistic preschoolers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1986; 19: 59-71.
16. Rincover A, Newsom CD. The relative motivational properties
    of sensory and edible reinforcers in teaching autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1985; 18: 237-248.
17. Schreibman L, Charlop MH, Koegel RL. Teaching autistic children to use extra-stimulus prompts. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1982; 33: 475-491.
18. Schreibman L, O'Neill RE, Koegel RL. Behavioral training for siblings of autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1983; 16: 129-138.
19. Shafer MS, Egel AL, Neef NA. Training mildly handicapped peers to facilitate changes in the social interaction skills of autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1984; 17: 461-476.

Other Experiential Approaches

1. Brown S. Autism and music therapy - is change possible, and why music? Journal of British Music Therapy 1994; 8: 15-25.
2. Delmolino L, Romanczyk RG. Facilitated communication: A critical review. The Behavior Therapist 1995; 18: 270-300.
3. Greenspan SI, Wieder S. Developmental patterns and outcomes in infants and children with disorders in relating and communicating: A chart review of 200 cases of children with autistic spectrum diagnoses. Journal of Developmental and Learning Disorders 1997; 1: 87-141.
4. Kezuka E. The role of touch in facilitated communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1998; 27: 571-593.
5. King LJ. A sensory-integrative approach to the education of the autistic child. Occupational Therapy in Health Care 1987; 4: 77-85.
6. Nickel RE. Controversial therapies for young children with developmental disabilities. Infants and Young Children 1996; 8(4): 29-40.
7. Wimpory D, Chadwick P, Nash S. Brief report: Musical interaction therapy for children with autism: An evaluative case study with two-year follow-up. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1995; 25: 541-552.

1. Bettison S. The long-term effects of auditory training on children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1996; 26: 361-374.
2. Field T, Lasko D, Mundy P, Henteleff T, Kabat S, Talpins S, Dowling M. Brief report: Autistic children's attentiveness and responsivity improve after touch therapy. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997; 27: 333-338.

Medication and Diet Therapies

General References

1. American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS). AHFS Drug Information 1997. American Society of Health Systems, 1997.
2. Birmaher B, Quintana H, Greenhill LL. Methylphenidate treatment of hyperactive autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988; 27: 248-251.
3. Campbell M, Cohen IL, Anderson LT. Pharmacotherapy for autistic children: A summary of research. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1981; 26: 265-273.
4. Campbell M, Anderson LT, Deutsch SI, Green WH. Psychopharmacological treatment of children with the syndrome of autism. Pediatric Annals 1984; 13: 309-313.
5. Campbell M, Cueva JE. Psychopharmacology in child and adolescent psychiatry: A review of the past seven years, Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 1262-1272.
6. Campbell M, Armenteros JL, Malone RP, Adams PB, Eisenberg ZW, Overall JE. Neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children: A prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 835-843.
7. Cook EHJ, Rowlett R, Jaselskis C, Leventhal B. Fluoxetine treatment of children and adults with autistic disorder and mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 31: 739-745.
8. Ernst M, Magee HJ, Gonzalez NM, Locascio JJ, Rosenberg CR, Campbell M. Pimozide in autistic children. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1992; 28:187-191.
9. Findling RL, Maxwell K, Wiznitzer M. An open clinical trial of risperidone monotherapy in young children with autistic disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1997; 33: 155-159.
10. Gordon CT, Rapoport JL, Hamburger SD, State RC, Mannheim CB. Differential response of seven subjects with autistic disorder to clomipramine and desipramine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 363-366.
11. Horvath K, Stefanatos G, Sokolski KN, Wachtel R, Nabors L, Tildon JT. Improved social and language skills after secretin administration in patients with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians 1998; 9: 9-15.
12. Levine J, Aviram A, Holan A, Ring A, Barak Y, Belmaker RH. Inositol treatment of autism. Journal of Neural Transmission 1997; 104: 307-310.
13. Malone RP, Ernst M, Godfrey KA, Locascio JJ, Campbell M. Repeated episodes of neuroleptic-related dyskinesias in autistic children. Psychopharmcology Bulletin 1991; 27: 113-117.
14. Nickel RE . Controversial therapies for young children with developmental disabilities. Infants and Young Children 1996; 8(4): 29-40.
15. Pfeiffer SI . Efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium in the treatment of autism: A methodology review and summary of outcomes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1995; 25: 481-493.
16. Realmuto GM, August GJ, Garfinkel BD. Clinical effect of buspirone in autistic children. Journal Clinical Psychopharmacology 1989; 9: 122-125.
17. Sanchez LE, Campbell M, Small AM, Cueva JE, Armenteros JL, Adams PB. A pilot study of clomipramine in young autistic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1996; 35: 537-544.

Articles Cited as Evidence

1. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Grega DM, Perry R, Small AM, Green WH. Haloperidol in the treatment of infantile autism: Effects on learning and behavioral symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1195-1202.
2. Anderson LT, Campbell M, Adams P, Small AM, Perry R, Shell J. The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioral symptoms in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1989; 19: 227-239.
3. Bouvard MP, Leboyer M, Launay JM, Recasens C, Plumet MH, Waller-Perotte D, Tabuteau F, Bondoux D, Dugas M, Lensing P. Low-dose naltrexone effects on plasma chemistries and clinical symptoms in autism: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychiatry Research 1995; 58: 191-201.
4. Buitelaar JK, Van Engeland H, de Kogel K, de Vries H, van Hooff J, van Ree J. The adrenocorticotrophic hormone (4-9) analog ORG 2766 benefits autistic children: Report on a second controlled clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 1149-1156.
5. Campbell M, Anderson LT, Small AM, Perry R, Green WH, Caplan R. The effects of haloperidol on learning and behavior in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1982; 12: 167-175.
6. Campbell M, Anderson LT, Small AM, Locascio JJ, Lynch NS, Choroco MC. Naltrexone in autistic children: A double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1990; 26: 130-135.
7. Cohen IL, Campbell M, Posner D, Small AM, Triebel D, Anderson LT. Behavioral effects of haloperidol in young autistic children: An objective analysis using a within-subjects reversal design. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 1980; 19: 665-677.
8. Fankhauser MP, Karumanchi VC, German ML, Yates A, Karumanchi SD. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism. Journal Clinical Psychiatry 1992; 53: 77-82.
9. Findling RL, Maxwell K, Scotese WL, Huang J, Yamashita T, Wiznitzer M. High-dose pyridoxine and magnesium administration in children with autistic disorder: An absence of salutary effects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997; 27: 467-478.
10. Gupta S, Aggarwal S, Heads C. Dysregulated immune system in children with autism: Beneficial effects of intravenous immune globulin on autistic characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1996; 26: 439-452.
11. Jaselskis CA, Cook EHJ, Fletcher KE, Leventhal BL. Clonidine treatment of hyperactive and impulsive children with autistic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1992; 12: 322-327.
12. Kolmen BK, Feldman HM, Handen BL, Janosky JE. Naltrexone in young autistic children: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 223-231.
13. Kolmen BK, Feldman HM, Handen BL, Janosky JE. Naltrexone in young autistic children: Replication study and learning measures. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36: 1570-1578.
14. Lucarelli S, Frediani T, Zingoni AM, Ferruzzi F, Giardini O, Quintieri F, Barbato M, D'Eufemia P, Cardi E. Food allergy and infantile autism. Panminera Med 1995; 37: 137-141.
15. Martineau J, Barthelemy C, Garreau B, Lelord G. Vitamin B6, magnesium, and combined B6-Mg: Therapeutic effects in childhood autism. Biological Psychiatry 1985; 20: 467-478.
16. Singh VK, Fudenberg HH, Emerson D, Coleman M. Immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy in autistic children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1988; 540: 602-604.
17. Stern LM, Walker MK, Sawyer MG, Oades RD, Badcock NR, Spence JG. A controlled crossover trial of fenfluramine in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1990; 31: 569-585.
18. Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK, Weijnen FG, Van EH. Placebo-controlled acute dosage naltrexone study in young autistic children. Psychiatry Research 1995; 58: 203-215.
19. Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Buitelaar JK, van EH. The effects of chronic naltrexone treatment in young autistic children: A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Biological Psychiatry 1996; 39: 1023-1031.