General References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
• American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Definitions of communication disorders and variations. ASHA 1993; 35: 40-41.
• Berkell D (ed.). Autism: Identification, Education, and Treatment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1992.
• Gillberg C, Coleman M. Autism and medical disorders: A review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1996; 38: 191-202.
• Guralnick MJ. Effectiveness of early intervention for vulnerable children: A developmental perspective. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1998; 102: 319-45.
• International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10^th Revision: ICD-10. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.
• Krug DA, Arick J, Almond P. Behavior checklist for identifying severely handicapped individuals with high levels of autistic behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1980; 21: 221-229.
• LeCouteur A, Rutter ML, Lord C, Rios P, Robertson S, Holdgrafer M, McLennan JD. Autism Diagnostic Interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1989; 19: 363-387.
• Lieberman AF, Weider S, Fenichel E. The DC 0-3 Casebook: A Guide to the Use of ZERO TO THREE’S Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood in Assessment and Treatment Planning. Washington, DC: ZERO to THREE, 1997.
• Lord C, Rutter ML, Goode S, Heemsbergen J, Jordan H, Mawhood L, Schopler E. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1989; 19: 185-212.
• Matson JL (ed.). Autism in Children and Adults: Etiology, Assessment, and Intervention. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks / Cole, 1994.
• Romanczyk RG, Lockshin S, Matey L. Preschool education programs for children with autism - The children's unit for treatment and evaluation. In Harris S, Handleman J (eds.) Children with Autism: The Preschool Years. Austin, TX: Pro-ed, 1998.
• Rutter J, Tuma AH, Lann IS (eds.). Assessment and Diagnosis in Child Psychopathology. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1998.
• Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1980; 10: 91-103.
• Schopler E. Mesibov GB (eds.) Learning and Cognition in Autism. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1995.
• Shaw W, Kassen E, Chaves E. Increased excretion of analogs of Krebs cycle metabolites and arabinose in two brothers with autistic features. Clinical Chemistry 1995; 41: 1094-1104.
• Siegel B, Vukicevic J, Spitzer RL. Using signal detection methodology to revise DSM-III-R: re-analysis of the DSM-III-R national field trials for autistic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1990; 24: 293-311.
• Siegel B. Toward DSM-IV: a developmental approach to autistic disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1991; 14: 53-68.
• Weider S (ed). DC 0-3:Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood. Washington, DC: ZERO to THREE, 1994.

General References

1. Guralnick MJ. Effectiveness of early intervention for vulnerable children: A developmental perspective. American Journal of Mental Retardation 1998; 102: 319-345.

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
2. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10^th Revision: ICD-10. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.
3. Lieberman AF, Wieder S, Fenichel E. The DC 0-3 Casebook: A Guide to the Use of ZERO TO THREE'S Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood in Assessment and Treatment Planning. Washington, DC: ZERO to THREE, 1997.
4. Newsom C, Hovanitz C, Rincover A. Autism. In Behavioral Assessment of Childhood Disorders, 2^nd edition. Mash EJ, Terdal LG (eds.). New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1988: 355-401.
5. Rutter M. Diagnosis and definition of childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1978; 8(2): 139-161.
6. Wieder S (ed.). DC 0-3: Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood. Washington, DC: ZERO to THREE, 1994.

1. Siegel B. Toward DSM-IV: A developmental approach to autistic disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1991; 14: 53-68.

Articles Cited as Evidence

1. Siegel B, Vukicevic J, Spitzer RL. Using signal detection methodology to revise DSM-III-R: Re-analysis of the DSM-III-R national field trials for autistic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1990; 24: 293-311.

1. Baron-Cohen S, Allen J, Gillberg C. Can autism be detected at 18 months? The needle, the haystack, and the CHAT. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 161: 839-843.
2. Baron-Cohen S, Cox A, Baird G, Swettenham J, Nightingale N, Morgan K, Drew A, Charman T. Psychological markers in the detection of autism in infancy in a large population. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 158-163.

Autism Assessment Instruments General References

1. Krug DA, Arick J, Almond P. Autism Screening Instrument for Educational Planning. Portland, OR: ASIEP Education, 1978.
2. Krug DA, Arick J, Almond P. Behavior checklist for identifying severely handicapped individuals with high levels of autistic behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1980; 21: 221-229.
3. LeCouteur A, Rutter ML, Lord C, Rios P, Robertson S, Holdgrafer M, McLennan JD. Autism Diagnostic Interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1989; 19: 363-387.
4. Lord C, Rutter ML, Goode S, Heemsbergen J, Jordan H, Mawhood L, Schopler E. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: A standardized observation of communicative and social behavior. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1989; 19: 185-212.
5. Schopler E, Reichler RJ, DeVellis RF, Daly K. Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1980; 10: 91-103.

Articles Cited as Evidence

1. Adrien JL, Barth, Perrot A, Roux S, Lenoir, Hameury L, Sauvage D. Validity and reliability of the infant behavioral summarized evaluation (IBSE): A rating scale for the assessment of young children with autism and developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1992; 22: 375-394.
2. Barthelemy C, Adrien JL, Roux S, Garreau B, Perrot A, Lelord G. Sensitivity and specificity of the Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (BSE) for the assessment of autistic behaviors. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1992; 22: 23-31.
3. Barthelemy C, Roux S, Adrien JL, Hameury L, Guerin P, Garreau B, Fermanian J, Lelord G. Validation of the Revised Behavior Summarized Evaluation Scale. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997; 27: 139-153.
4. DiLalla DL, Rogers SJ. Domains of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: Relevance for diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1994; 24: 115-128.
5. DiLavore PC, Lord C, Rutter ML. The pre-linguistic autism diagnostic observation schedule. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1995; 25: 355-379.
6. Lord C, Rutter ML, LeCouteur A. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1994; 24: 659-685.
7. Lord C, Pickles A, McLennan J, Rutter M, Bregman J, Folstein S, Fombonne E, Leboyer M, Minshew N. Diagnosing autism: Analyses of data from the Autism Diagnostic Interview. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997; 27: 501-517.
8. Nordin V, Gillberg C. Autism spectrum disorders in children with physical or mental disability or both. II: Screening aspects. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1996; 38: 314-324.
9. Oswald DP, Volkmar FR. Brief report: Signal detection analysis of items from the Autism Behavior Checklist. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1991; 21: 543-549.
10. Sevin JA, Matson JL, Coe DA, Fee VE, Sevin BM. A comparison and evaluation of three commonly used autism scales. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1991; 21: 417-432.
11. Stone WL, Hogan KL. A structured parent interview for identifying young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1993; 23: 639-652.
12. Van-Bourgondien ME, Marcus LM, Schopler E. Comparison of DSM-III-R and childhood autism rating scale diagnoses of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1992; 22: 493-506.

1. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Definitions of communication disorders and variations. ASHA 1993; 35: 40-41.
2. Berkell D (ed.). Autism: Identification, Education, and Treatment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1992.
3. Matson JL (ed.). Autism in Children and Adults: Etiology, Assessment, and Intervention. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks / Cole, 1994.
4. New York Department of Health, Early Intervention Program. Communication Disorders: Assessment and Intervention for Young Children (Age 0-3 Years). Albany, NY: New York Department of Health, 1999. Publication No. 4218.
5. Romanczyk RG, Lockshin S, Matey L. Preschool education programs for children with autism - The children's unit for treatment and evaluation. In Harris S, Handleman J (eds.) Children with Autism: The Preschool Years. Austin, TX: Pro-ed, 1998.
6. Rutter J, Tuma AH, Lann IS (eds.). Assessment and Diagnosis in Child Psychopathology. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1998.
7. Schopler E, Mesibov GB (eds.). Learning and Cognition in Autism. New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1995.

1. Chiron C, Leboyer M, Leon F, Jambaque I, Nuttin C, Syrota A. SPECT of the brain in childhood autism: Evidence for a lack of normal hemispheric asymmetry. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1995; 37: 849-860.
2. Gillberg C, Coleman M. Autism and medical disorders: A review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1996; 38: 191-202.
3. Shaw W, Kassen E, Chaves E. Increased excretion of analogs of Krebs cycle metabolites and arabinose in two brothers with autistic features. Clinical Chemistry 1995; 41: 1094-1104.
4. Zilbovicius M, Garreau B, Tzourio N, Mazoyer B, Bruck B, Martinot JL, Raynaud C, Samson Y, Syrota A, Lelord G. Regional cerebral blood flow in childhood autism: A SPECT study. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 924-930.

1. Courchesne E, Saitoh O, Yeung CR, Press G, Lincoln A, Haas R, Schreibman L. Abnormality of cerebellar vermian lobules VI and VII in patients with infantile autism: identification of hypoplastic and hyperplastic subgroups with MR imaging. AJR American Journal of Roentgenology 1994; 162: 123-130.
2. Lucarelli S, Frediani T, Zingoni AM, Ferruzzi F, Giardini O, Quintieri F, Barbato M, D'Eufemia PD, Cardi E. Food allergy and infantile autism. Panminera Medica 1995; 37: 137-141.
3. Piven J, Berthier ML, Starkstein SE, Nehme E, Pearlson G, Folstein S. Magnetic resonance imaging evidence for a defect of cerebral cortical development in autism. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 47: 734-739.
4. Piven J, Nehme E, Simon J, Barta PE. Magnetic resonance imaging in autism: Measurement of the cerebellum, pons, and fourth ventricle. Biological Psychiatry 1992; 31: 491-504
5. Plioplys AV, Greaves A, Kazemi K, Silverman E. Lymphocyte function in autism and Rett syndrome. Neuropsychobiology 1994; 29: 12-16.
6. Renzoni E, Beltrami V, Sestini P, Pompella A, Menchetti G, Zappella M. Brief report: Allergological evaluation of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1995; 25: 327-333.
7. Singh VK, Warren RP, Odell JD, Cole P. Changes of soluble interleukin-2, interleukin-2 receptor, T8 antigen, and interleukin-1 in the serum of autistic children. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1991; 61: 448-455. [Published erratum appears in Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 1992 Jun; 63(3): 292].
8. Warren RP, Singh VK, Cole P, Odell JD, Pingree CB, Warren WL, White E. Increased frequency of the null allele at the complement C4b locus in autism. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1991; 83: 438-440.
9. Warren RP, Yonk J, Burger RW, Odell D, Warren WL. DR-positive T cells in autism: Association with decreased plasma levels of the complement C4B protein. Neuropsychobiology 1995; 31: 53-57.